ਸ਼ਬਦ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਕ · Words & Sentences
Eight short lessons. Read the Gurmukhi, use the transliteration to say it aloud, then check the meaning.
Family Words ਪਰਿਵਾਰ
Punjabi has a separate word for almost every relative, so you always know exactly who is being talked about.
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ਮਾਤਾ / ਮਾਂmaataa / maanmotherਮਾਤਾ ਜੀ is the respectful form; ਮੰਮੀ is common in families today.
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ਪਿਤਾ / ਪਿਓpitaa / piofatherਪਿਤਾ ਜੀ is respectful; ਬਾਪੂ and ਡੈਡੀ are also heard.
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ਭਰਾ / ਵੀਰbharaa / veerbrotherਵੀਰ ਜੀ is an affectionate, respectful way to address a brother or any man of your age.
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ਭੈਣbhainsisterਭੈਣ ਜੀ is also used for any woman you wish to address respectfully.
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ਦਾਦਾ / ਦਾਦੀdaadaa / daadeegrandfather / grandmother (father's parents)
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ਨਾਨਾ / ਨਾਨੀnaanaa / naaneegrandfather / grandmother (mother's parents)
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ਚਾਚਾ / ਚਾਚੀchaachaa / chaacheefather's younger brother and his wife
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ਤਾਇਆ / ਤਾਈtaaiaa / taaeefather's elder brother and his wife
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ਮਾਮਾ / ਮਾਮੀmaamaa / maameemother's brother and his wife
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ਮਾਸੀ / ਭੂਆmaasee / bhooaamother's sister / father's sisterTheir husbands are ਮਾਸੜ (maasarh) and ਫੁੱਫੜ (phupharh).
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ਪੁੱਤਰ / ਧੀputtar / dheeson / daughterਪੁੱਤ (putt) and ਬੇਟੀ (betee) are also common. Parents call both sons and daughters ਪੁੱਤ affectionately.
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ਇਹ ਮੇਰਾ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਹੈ।Ih meraa parivaar hai.This is my family.ਇਹ ਮੇਰੇ ਪਿਤਾ ਜੀ ਹਨ (these are my father): elders are spoken of in the plural as a mark of respect.
Grammar basics
Word order
Punjabi sentences run Subject, Object, Verb, and the verb comes last. ਮੈਂ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਹਾਂ is literally 'I roti eat'. Time words usually come right after the subject: ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਘਰ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ (I will go home tomorrow).
Gender
Every noun is either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -ਾ are masculine (ਮੁੰਡਾ boy, ਘੋੜਾ horse) and most ending in -ੀ are feminine (ਕੁੜੀ girl, ਰੋਟੀ bread). Adjectives and verbs agree: ਚੰਗਾ ਮੁੰਡਾ (good boy) but ਚੰਗੀ ਕੁੜੀ (good girl); ਉਹ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ (he goes) but ਉਹ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ (she goes).
Plurals
Masculine nouns in -ਾ change to -ੇ: ਮੁੰਡਾ becomes ਮੁੰਡੇ (boys). Feminine nouns in -ੀ add -ਆਂ: ਕੁੜੀ becomes ਕੁੜੀਆਂ (girls). Feminine nouns ending in a consonant add -ਾਂ: ਕਿਤਾਬ becomes ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ (books). Masculine nouns ending in a consonant do not change: ਘਰ (house) and ਘਰ (houses).
ਜੀ for respect
ਜੀ (jee) is added after names and titles to show respect: ਪਿਤਾ ਜੀ, ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ, ਭੈਣ ਜੀ. It also softens yes and no (ਹਾਂ ਜੀ, ਨਹੀਂ ਜੀ) and can be used on its own to mean 'yes?' or 'pardon?'. Respected people are spoken of in the plural: ਮਾਤਾ ਜੀ ਆਏ ਹਨ (Mother has come).
Postpositions
Where English puts words like 'in' or 'from' before the noun, Punjabi puts them after it: ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ (in the house), ਪੰਜਾਬ ਤੋਂ (from Punjab), ਮੇਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ (on the table), ਮੈਨੂੰ (to me). The possessive ਦਾ/ਦੀ/ਦੇ ('of') agrees with the thing owned: ਗੁਰੂ ਦਾ ਘਰ (the Guru's house), ਗੁਰੂ ਦੀ ਬਾਣੀ (the Guru's word). Masculine -ਾ nouns change to -ੇ before a postposition: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ becomes ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ.
Question words
ਕੀ (what), ਕੌਣ (who), ਕਿੱਥੇ (where), ਕਦੋਂ (when), ਕਿਉਂ (why), ਕਿਵੇਂ (how), ਕਿੰਨਾ (how much), ਕਿਹੜਾ (which). They usually sit just before the verb: ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਹੋ? (Where are you going?). A yes/no question simply starts with ਕੀ: ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਬੋਲਦੇ ਹੋ? (Do you speak Punjabi?).